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Analysis of the rated voltage of the battery pack
In the design and application of battery pack, rated voltage is a crucial parameter, which plays an important role in the performance and service life of battery. Several core voltage parameters of the battery pack will be detailed in this paper: open circuit voltage, operating voltage, discharge cutoff voltage, and charge limit voltage.
Open circuit voltage refers to the voltage measured by the battery when it is not connected to the load or not charged. This voltage represents the electrochemical potential energy of the cell and is usually measured when the cell is not working. The value of open circuit voltage can reflect the state of the battery, which usually varies with the state of Charge (SOC) of the battery. For example, for lithium-ion batteries, the open-circuit voltage is typically 4.2V when fully charged, while it may drop to around 3.0V when discharged to a lower state.
The operating voltage refers to the average voltage of the battery during normal operation, which is usually maintained in a stable range during discharge. This voltage not only affects the energy output of the battery, but also is crucial for the system design. For example, the operating voltage of a lithium-ion battery pack is generally rated as 3.7V, while the operating voltage of a lead-acid battery is usually 2V (single cell). The selection of the operating voltage directly affects the compatibility and efficiency of the battery pack with other electrical components.
The discharge cutoff voltage refers to the lowest voltage value that the battery is allowed to reach during discharge. The purpose of setting this value is to avoid excessive discharge, thereby protecting the battery and extending the service life of the battery. Excessive discharge may lead to an irreversible reaction of chemical substances inside the battery, which may lead to battery damage or safety hazards in severe cases. Different types of batteries have different discharge cutoff voltages; for example, for lithium-ion batteries, it is usually set between 2.5V and 3.0V, while the cutoff voltage for lead-acid batteries is generally 1.75V to 1.8V.
The charge cutoff voltage refers to the voltage value that should not be exceeded when charging the battery. Exceeding this voltage can cause the battery to overcharge, which in turn leads to overheating, expansion, leakage and even explosion and other hazards. For Li-ion batteries, the charge limit voltage is usually set at 4.2V, while for lead-acid batteries, the charge limit voltage is between 2.4V and 2.45V. Reasonable setting of charging limit voltage is a key factor to ensure battery safety and prolong battery life.
Conclusion
The voltage rating of a battery pack is a comprehensive concept containing several important parameters, and understanding these parameters is essential for the use, management, and maintenance of the battery. The open circuit voltage, operating voltage, discharge cutoff voltage and charge limit voltage affect the performance and safety of the battery from different angles. By properly designing and managing these voltage parameters, the performance of the battery pack can be effectively improved, the service life can be prolonged, and the safe operation can be ensured. When selecting and using battery packs, users should fully consider these voltage parameters, so as to make reasonable decisions and improve the overall benefits of battery packs.
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