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Negative electrode material
In lithium batteries, the negative electrode material has an important impact on the overall performance, capacity, cycle life and charge and discharge efficiency of the battery
Common anode material - graphite
It is the most commonly used material in lithium batteries and has a wide range of application bases. The anode material of graphite mainly relies on its layered structure, which allows lithium ions to be embedded and deembedded during charge and discharge, so as to achieve energy storage and release.
Graphite as a negative electrode material
Structural characteristics of graphite
Graphite has a layered crystal structure, each layer is composed of carbon atoms, carbon atoms are connected by covalent bonds, and the layers are attracted to each other by van der Waals forces. Lithium ions can be inserted and removed in the Spaces between graphite layers, a process that is a core property of graphite as a negative electrode material.
Advantages of graphite
High stability and electrical conductivity: graphite has good electrochemical stability and electrical conductivity. Its structure is stable, it is not easy to react or decompose, and the performance of the battery remains good under high or low temperature conditions.
Mature production process: The production process of graphite anode materials has been very mature, and the cost is low. This makes graphite one of the most common anode materials in lithium batteries, widely used in smartphones, power tools, electric vehicles and other devices.
High charge and discharge efficiency: Batteries with graphite anode materials have good charge and discharge efficiency, and the energy loss of the battery is small, which is suitable for applications requiring efficient energy conversion.
Deficiency of graphite
Lower capacity: Compared with some new materials such as silicon, graphite has a lower capacity. The theoretical capacity of graphite is about 372 mAh/g, while the theoretical capacity of silicon can reach 4200 mAh/g, which means that the battery life of graphite is limited, especially in scenarios requiring high-capacity batteries (such as electric vehicles), the advantages of graphite materials gradually become limited.
Volume expansion problem: Although the volume expansion of graphite is relatively small, the graphite anode material will also expand and contract slightly during the long charge and discharge process. This can affect battery life and cause mechanical damage to the battery.
The improvement direction of graphite
With the increasing demand for lithium batteries, graphite anode materials are also constantly improving. In order to increase its capacity and extend the battery life, researchers are trying to compound graphite with other materials (such as silicon, boron, etc.), or use graphite nanomaterials to improve its energy density and cycle performance.
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